Nanomateriales manufacturados en el ámbito regulatorio mundial y la trayectoria regulatoria de México
Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Los nanomateriales manufacturados (ENMs) presentan propiedades novedosas que ofrecen importantes beneficios en diversos sectores industriales y están cada vez más presentes en productos de consumo en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, las evaluaciones de seguridad se han centrado principalmente en regiones específicas, como la Unión Europea, lo cual ha dejado sin comprender suficientemente los posibles riesgos para las personas y el medio ambiente en otras zonas. La ausencia de un marco normativo armonizado a nivel mundial complica aún más la gestión de riesgos, debido a la variabilidad de los datos, la incertidumbre y la complejidad de los ENMs. En respuesta a ello, algunos países han desarrollado diversas herramientas y metodologías para abordar estos retos normativos. Este artículo presenta una visión general de las metodologías actuales de evaluación de la seguridad y revisa los enfoques normativos internacionales para los ENMs. También propone recomendaciones generales para iniciar un marco normativo en México, basándose en los conocimientos académicos existentes. El objetivo es apoyar el desarrollo de estrategias locales relevantes que se ajusten a las mejores prácticas internacionales.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, editada por la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, se distribuye bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional.
Basada en una obra en http://www.mundonano.unam.mx.
Citas
Abbasi, Ibtisam. (2025). Global nanomaterial regulation: a country-by-country comparison. https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6885.
Adam, Véronique, Alejandro Caballero-Guzman and Bernd Nowack. (2018). Considering the forms of released engineered nanomaterials in probabilistic material flow analysis. Environmental pollution, 243: 17-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.108
Aguilar-Aguilar, Angélica, Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez, Angélica Forgionny, Nancy Y. Acelas Soto, Sergio Rosales Mendoza and Ana I. Zarate-Guzman. (2023). A systematic review on the current situation of emerging pollutants in Mexico: a perspective on policies, regulation, detection, and elimination in water and wastewater. Science of the Total Environment, 905: 167426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167426. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167426
Ali, Faraat, Kumari Neha and Sana Parveen. (2023). Current regulatory landscape of nanomaterials and nanomedicines: a global perspective. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 80: 104118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104118
Allan, Jacqueline, Susanne Belz, Arnd Hoeveler, Marta Hugas, Haruhiro Okuda, Anil Patri, Hubert Rauscher et al. (2021). Regulatory landscape of nanotechnology and nanoplastics from a global perspective. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 122: 104885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104885. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104885
Anzaldo Montoya, Mónica and Michelle Chauvet. (2016). Technical standards in nanotechnology as an instrument of subordinated governance: Mexico case study. Journal of Responsible Innovation, 3(2): 135-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/23299460.2016.1196098. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23299460.2016.1196098
Arteaga, Víctor Hugo. (2020). Nano Tutt, la empresa de nanotecnología que engaña a sus pacientes diabéticos y al gobierno mexicano. El Financiero. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/salud/nano-tutt-la-empresa-de-nanotecnologia-que-engana-a-sus-pacientes-diabeticos-y-al-gobierno-mexicano/.
Arvidsson, Rickard, Gregory Peters, Steffen Foss Hansen and Anders Baun. (2022). Prospective environmental risk screening of seven advanced materials based on production volumes and aquatic ecotoxicity. NanoImpact, 25: 100393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2022.100393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2022.100393
Arvidsson, Rickard, Sverker Molander and Björn A. Sandén. (2012). Particle flow analysis: exploring potential use phase emissions of titanium dioxide nanoparticles from sunscreen, paint, and cement. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 16(3): 343-351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00429.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00429.x
Auffan, Melanie, Marie Tella, Catherine Santaella, Lenka Brousset, Christine Paillès, Mohamed Barakat, Benjamin Espinasse et al. (2014). An adaptable mesocosm platform for performing integrated assessments of nanomaterial risk in complex environmental systems. Scientific Reports, 4(1): 5608. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05608
Ávila Bernal, Alba Graciela, Ana María Ocampo Gómez, Oliver Wootton and Pablo Vieira Samper. (2015). Nanotechnology and manufactured nanomaterials in Latin America and the Caribbean: safety issues. ISBN e-book: 978-958-774-305-0.
Bachler, Gerald, Natalie von Goetz and Konrad Hungerbuhler. (2015). Using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling for dietary risk assessment of titanium dioxide (TiO₂ ) nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology, 9(3): 373-380. https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2014.940404. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2014.940404
Barnard, Amanda S. (2009). How can ab initio simulations address risks in nanotech? Nature Nanotechnology, 4(6): 332-35, June. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.126. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.126
Berger, Mauricio and Airton Guilherme Berger Filho. (2022). Nano-governance, nano-regulation and nano-citizenship? An analysis of normative scenarios in Brazil and Argentina. Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, 15(28). https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2022.28.69659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2022.28.69659
Bhat, Mansoor Ahmad, Tanja Radu, Ignacio Martín-Fabiani, Panagiotis D. Kolokathis, Anastasios G. Papadiamantis, Stephan Wagner, Yvonne Kohl et al. (2025). Safe and sustainable by design of next generation chemicals and materials: SSbD4CheM project innovations in the textiles, cosmetic and automotive sectors. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 29: 60-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2025.03.022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2025.03.022
Bleeker, Eric A. J., Elmer Swart, Hedwig Braakhuis, María Luisa Fernández Cruz, Steffi Friedrichs, Ilse Gosens, Frank Herzberg et al. (2023). Towards harmonisation of testing of nanomaterials for EU regulatory requirements on chemical safety — A proposal for further actions. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 139: 105360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105360
Bonfil Olivera, Martín. (2018). Estafas y control de calidad. Milenio. https://www.milenio.com/opinion/martin-bonfil-olivera/la-ciencia-por-gusto/estafas-y-control-de-calidad.
Brunner, Paul H. and Helmut Rechberger. (2016). Handbook of material flow analysis: for environmental, resource, and waste engineers. CRC press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315313450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315313450
Bucher, Guillaume, Hind El Hadri, Océane Asensio, François Auger, Josefa Barrero and Jean-Philippe Rosec. (2024). Large-scale screening of E171 food additive (TiO₂) on the French market from 2018 to 2022: occurrence and particle size distribution in various food categories. Food Control, 155: 110102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.110102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.110102
Camarillo Abad, Eduardo, Rafael Blome Fernández, Pablo Ivan Castellanos Andrade and Jessica Campos Delgado. (2019). Mitos y realidades de la nanotecnología en México. Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, 12(22): 73-88. https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2019.22.65023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2019.22.65023
Cenam. (2017). IUPAC Workshop on safety of engineered nanomaterials. https://www.gob.mx/cenam/articulos/iupac-workshop-on-safety-of-engineered-nanomaterials-28-29-september-2017-cenam-queretaro-mexico?idiom=es.
Chatterjee, Mainak, Arkaprava Banerjee, Priyanka De, Agnieszka Gajewicz-Skretna and Kunal Roy. (2022). A novel quantitative read-across tool designed purposefully to fill the existing gaps in nanosafety data. Environmental Science: Nano, 9(1): 189-203. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EN00725D. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EN00725D
Chávez-Hernández, Jorge Antonio, Aída Jimena Velarde-Salcedo, Gabriela Navarro-Tovar and Carmen González. (2024). Safe nanomaterials: from their use, application and disposal to regulations. Nanoscale Advances, 6(6): 1583-1610. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3NA01097J. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D3NA01097J
Chen, Qiran, Jim E. Riviere and Zhoumeng Lin. (2022). Toxicokinetics, dose–response, and risk assessment of nanomaterials: methodology, challenges, and future perspectives. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, 14(6): e1808. https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1808. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1808
CIMAV. Diagnóstico y prospectiva de la nanotecnología en México. (2008). https://www.economia.gob.mx/files/comunidad_negocios/industria_comercio/Nanotecnologia.pdf.
Clark, Nathaniel, Joanne Vassallo, Patrícia V. Silva, Ana Rita R. Silva, Marta Baccaro, Neja Medvešček, Magdalena Grgić et al. (2022). Metal transfer to sediments, invertebrates and fish following waterborne exposure to silver nitrate or silver sulfide nanoparticles in an indoor stream mesocosm. Science of the Total Environment, 850: 157912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157912. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157912
Cofepris. (2018). Se realizará el simposio sobre ciencias regulatorias. https://www.gob.mx/cofepris/prensa/se-realizara-el-simposio-sobre-ciencias-regulatorias
Conley, Mikaela. (2025). Titanium dioxide, banned in Europe, is one of the most common food additives in the U.S. U.S. Right to Know. https://usrtk.org/chemicals/titanium-dioxide/.
Creutzenberg, Otto. (2021). Nanoparticles and their regulation. Regulatory Toxicology, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36206-4_122-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36206-4_122-1
Cross, Richard K., Dave Spurgeon, Claus Svendsen, Elma Lahive, Simon Little, Frank von der Kammer, Frédéric Loosli et al. (2024). An integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA) to support grouping and read-across of nanomaterials in aquatic systems. Nano Today, 54: 102065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2023.102065. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2023.102065
Delgado-Ramos, Gian Carlo. (2014). Nanotechnology in Mexico: global trends and national implications for policy and regulatory issues. Technology in Society, 37: 4-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2013.09.005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2013.09.005
Devasahayam, Sheila. (2017). Overview of an internationally integrated nanotechnology governance. International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering, 8: 8. https://doi.org/10.1051/ijmqe/2017002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/ijmqe/2017002
EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF), Maged Younes, Gabriele Aquilina, Laurence Castle, Karl‐Heinz Engel, Paul Fowler, María José Frutos Fernández et al. (2021). Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive. Efsa Journal, 19(5): e06585. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6585. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6585
Foladori, Guillermo and Edgar Záyago Lau. (2014). The regulation of nanotechnologies in Mexico. Nanotech. L. & Bus., 11: 164. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/nantechlb11&div=15&id=&page=.
Foladori, Guillermo, Edgar Arteaga Figueroa, Edgar Záyago Lau, Richard Appelbaum, Eduardo Robles-Belmont, Liliana Villa, Rachel Parker and Vanessa Leos. (2015). Nanotechnology in Mexico: key findings based on OECD criteria. Minerva, 53: 279-301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-015-9281-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-015-9281-6
Fonseca, Paulo F. C. and Tiago Santos Pereira. (2014). The governance of nanotechnology in the Brazilian context: entangling approaches. Technology in Society, 37: 16-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2013.07.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2013.07.003
Franken, Remy, Minne B. Heringa, Thies Oosterwijk, Miikka Dal Maso, Wouter Fransman, Tomi Kanerva, Biase Liguori et al. (2020). Ranking of human risk assessment models for manufactured nanomaterials along the cooper stage-gate innovation funnel using stakeholder criteria. NanoImpact, 17: 100191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2019.100191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2019.100191
Furxhi, Irini, Anna Costa, Socorro Vázquez-Campos, Carlos Fito-López, Danail Hristozov, Juan Antonio Tamayo Ramos, Susanne Resch et al. (2023). Status, implications and challenges of European safe and sustainable by design paradigms applicable to nanomaterials and advanced materials. RSC Sustainability, 1(2): 234-250. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SU00101B. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SU00101B
Hochella, Michael F., David W. Mogk, James Ranville, Irving C. Allen, George W. Luther, Linsey C. Marr, B. Peter McGrail et al. (2019). Natural, incidental, and engineered nanomaterials and their impacts on the earth system. Science, 363(6434): eaau8299. https://doi.org/doi:10.1126/science.aau8299. https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aau8299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau8299
Hong, Hyunjoo and Bernd Nowack. (2024). Form-specific prospective environmental risk assessment of graphene-based materials in European freshwater. Environmental Science & Technology, 58(49): 21750-21759. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c05153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c05153
Hong, Hyunjoo, Véronique Adam and Bernd Nowack. (2021). Form‐specific and probabilistic environmental risk assessment of 3 engineered nanomaterials (nano‐Ag, nano‐TiO₂, and Nano‐ZnO) in European freshwaters. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 40(9): 2629-2639. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5146
Hristozov, Danail, Elena Badetti, Paolo Bigini, Andrea Brunelli, Susan Dekkers, Luisa Diomede, Shareen H. Doak et al. (2024). Next generation risk assessment approaches for advanced nanomaterials: current status and future perspectives. NanoImpact, 100523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2024.100523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2024.100523
Hupffer, Haide María and Luisa Lauermann Lazzaretti. (2019). Nanotecnologia e sua regulamentação no Brasil. Revista Gestão e Desenvolvimento, 16(3): 153-177. https://doi.org/10.25112/rgd.v16i3.1792. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25112/rgd.v16i3.1792
International ISO. (2023). Nanotechnologies – Vocabulary. Part 1. Core vocabulary. ISO 80004-1: 2023, July.
Isibor, Patrick Omoregie. (2024). Regulations and policy considerations for nanoparticle safety. In Environmental nanotoxicology: combatting the minute contaminants. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 295-316. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54154-4_14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54154-4_14
Isigonis, Panagiotis, Danail Hristozov, Christina Benighaus, Elisa Giubilato, Khara Grieger, Lisa Pizzol, Elena Semenzin, Igor Linkov, Alex Zabeo and Antonio Marcomini. (2019). Risk governance of nanomaterials: review of criteria and tools for risk communication, evaluation, and mitigation. Nanomaterials, 9(5): 696. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9050696. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9050696
Jaya, P. (2021). NanoMalaysia to launch two initiatives to boost commercialization of nanotechnology. https://thesun.my/business-news/nanomalaysia-to-launch-two-initiatives-to-boost-commercialisation-of-nanotechnology-YL8148320.
Karlaganis, Georg, Rachel Liechti, Sirasak Teparkum, Pavadee Aungkavattana and Ramjitti Indaraprasirt. (2019). Nanoregulation along the product life cycle in the EU, Switzerland, Thailand, the USA, and intergovernmental organisations, and its compatibility with WTO Law. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 101(7-8): 339-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2019.1697878. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2019.1697878
Keller, Arturo A., Alex Ehrens, Yuanfang Zheng and Bernd Nowack. (2023). Developing trends in nanomaterials and their environmental implications. Nature nanotechnology, 18(8): 834-37. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-023-01409-z. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-023-01409-z
Keller, Arturo A., Yuanfang Zheng, Antonia Praetorius, Joris T. K. Quik and Bernd Nowack. (2024). Predicting environmental concentrations of nanomaterials for exposure Assessment – A review. NanoImpact, 33: 100496, January. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2024.100496. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2024.100496
Kumari, Ritika, Kalpana Suman, Swagata Karmakar, Vandana Mishra, Sameer Gunjan Lakra, Gunjan Kumar Saurav and Binod Kumar Mahto. (2023). Regulation and safety measures for nanotechnology-based agri-products. Frontiers in Genome Editing, 5: 1200987. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgeed.2023.1200987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fgeed.2023.1200987
Lai, Racliffe W. S., Katie W. Y. Yeung, Mana M. N. Yung, Aleksandra B. Djurišić, John P. Giesy and Kenneth M. Y. Leung. (2018). Regulation of engineered nanomaterials: current challenges, insights and future directions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25: 3060-3077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9489-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9489-0
Landeros, Abisai. (2008). Normas Oficiales Mexicanas (NOM) y Normas Mexicanas (NMX). https://www.academia.edu/33326779/Normas_Oficiales_Mexicanas_NOM_y_Normas_MN.
Lazos-Martínez, Rubén J. and Norma González-Rojano. (2013). Nanometrology in emerging economies: the case of Mexico. Mapan, 28(4): 299-309.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12647-013-0083-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12647-013-0083-8
Lebre, Filipa, Nivedita Chatterjee, Samantha Costa, Eli Fernández-de-Gortari, Carla Lopes, João Meneses, Luís Ortiz, Ana R. Ribeiro, Vânia Vilas-Boas and Ernesto Alfaro-Moreno. (2022). Nanosafety: an evolving concept to bring the safest possible nanomaterials to society and environment. Nanomaterials, 12(11): 1810. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12111810. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12111810
Luizink, Miriam. (2009). NMP4-CT-2006-032155. Nanoforum EULA. Nanoforum EU Latin America. https://cordis.europa.eu/docs/results/32/32155/123545511-6_en.pdf.
Malsch, Ineke, Martina Lindorfer, Isabella Wagner and María Lima-Toivanen. (2016). International cooperation on nanosafety between Europe and Latin America. Managing Risk in Nanotechnology: Topics in Governance, Assurance and Transfer, 71-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32392-3_5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32392-3_5
Malsch, Ineke, Vrishali Subramanian, Elena Semenzin, Danail Hristozov, Antonio Marcomini, Martin Mullins, Karena Hester, Eamonn McAlea, Finbarr Murphy and Syed AM Tofail. (2015). Empowering citizens in international governance of nanotechnologies. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 17 (2015): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-015-3019-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-015-3019-0
Mancardi, Giulia, Alicja Mikolajczyk, Vigneshwari K. Annapoorani, Aileen Bahl, Kostas Blekos, Jaanus Burk, Yarkın A. Çetin et al. (2023). A computational view on nanomaterial intrinsic and extrinsic features for nanosafety and sustainability. Materials Today, 67: 344-370. https://hal.science/hal-04227136v1/file/MATTOReviewPartnersFinal.pdf. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2023.05.029
Mech, Agnieszka, Stefania Gottardo, Valeria Amenta, Alessia Amodio, Susanne Belz, Søren Bøwadt, Jana Drbohlavová et al. (2022). Safe-and sustainable-by-design: the case of smart nanomaterials. A perspective based on a European workshop. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 128: 105093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105093
Mendoza Cantú, Ania and Irina Ana Rosa Ize Lema. (2017). Las sustancias químicas en México. Perspectivas para un manejo adecuado. Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, 33(4): 719-745. https://doi.org/10.20937/rica.2017.33.04.15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20937/RICA.2017.33.04.15
Metreveli, George, Sandra Kurtz, Ricki R. Rosenfeldt, Frank Seitz, Samuel K. Kumahor, Alexandra Grün, Sondra Klitzke et al. (2021). Distribution of engineered Ag nanoparticles in the aquatic-terrestrial transition zone: a long-term indoor floodplain mesocosm study. Environmental Science: Nano, 8(6): 1771-1785. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EN00093D. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EN00093D
Miernicki, M., Hofmann, T., Eisenberg, I., von der Kammer and Praetorius, A. (2019). Legal and practical challenges in classifying nanomaterials according to regulatorty definitions. Nature Nanotechnology, 14(3): 208-216. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-019-0396-z. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-019-0396-z
Mishra, Mansi, Kavya Dashora, Ayushi Srivastava, Vinayak D. Fasake and Ramineni Harsha Nag. (2019). Prospects, challenges and need for regulation of nanotechnology with special reference to India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 171: 677-682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.085. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.085
Mundo Nano (Revista). (2014a). Lineamientos para regulaciones sobre nanotecnologías en México. Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, 5(9). https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2012.9.45193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2012.9.45193
Mundo Nano (Revista). (2014b). Lanzamiento de LABnano-Laboratorio Socioeconómico en Nanociencia y Nanotecnología. Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, 5(9). https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2012.9.45228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2012.9.45228
Mundo Nano (Revista). (2010). Red Temática de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología. Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2010.2.52224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2010.2.52224
Nielsen, Maria Bille, Anders Baun, Aiga Mackevica, Amalie Thit, Inger Odnevall Wallinder, Julián A. Gallego et al. (2021). Nanomaterials in the European Chemicals Legislation – Methodological challenges for registration and environmental safety assessment. Environmental Science: Nano, 8(3): 731-747. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EN01123A. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EN01123A
Nielsen, Maria Bille, Lars Skjolding, Anders Baun and Steffen Foss Hansen. (2023). European nanomaterial legislation in the past 20 years – Closing the final gaps. NanoImpact, 32: 100487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2023.100487. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2023.100487
Nymark, Penny, Martine Bakker, Susan Dekkers, Remy Franken, Wouter Fransman, Amaia García‐Bilbao, Dario Greco et al. (2020). Toward rigorous materials production: new approach methodologies have extensive potential to improve current safety assessment practices. Small, 16(6): 1904749. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201904749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201904749
Ochoa López, Héctor Eduardo. (2021). Integración de los datos de identidad química de las nuevas sustancias a incluir en el catálogo nacional de sustancias químicas. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/688885/Reporte_Final_CNSQ_6-12-2021_8_.pdf.
OECD. (2023). (Q)SAR Assessment framework: Guidance for the regulatory assessment of (quantitative) structure – Activity relationship models, predictions, and results based on multiple predictions. Series on Testing and Assessment, 386. https://one.oecd.org/document/ENV/CBC/MONO(2023)32/en/pdf.
OECD. (2021). Evaluation of tools and models for assessing occupational and consumer exposure to manufactured nanomaterials – Part I: Compilation of tools/models and analysis for further evaluation. https://doi.org/10.1787/43273e0a-en. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/43273e0a-en
OECD. (2022). Important issues on risk assessment of manufactured nanomaterials. https://doi.org/10.1787/2f6e7c61-en. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/2f6e7c61-en
Oomen, Agnes G., Eric A. J. Bleeker, Peter M. J. Bos, Fleur van Broekhuizen, Stefania Gottardo, Monique Groenewold, Danail Hristozov et al. (2015). Grouping and read-across approaches for risk assessment of nanomaterials. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(10): 13415-13434. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121013415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121013415
Ortiz-Gálvez, Luis Mauricio, Alejandro Caballero-Guzmán, Carla Lopes and Ernesto Alfaro-Moreno. (2024). Probabilistic material flow analysis of released nano titanium dioxide in Mexico. NanoImpact, 35: 100516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2024.100516. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2024.100516
Ozbek, Ozlem, Destina Ekingen Genc and Kutlu O. Ulgen. (2024). Advances in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of nanomaterials. ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 7(8): 2251-2279. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.4c00250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.4c00250
Park, H. G., Yeo, M. K. (2016). Nanomaterial regulatory policy for human health and environment. Mol. Cell. Toxicol., 12, 223-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13273-016-0027-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13273-016-0027-9
Porcari, Andrea, Elisabetta Borsella, Christina Benighaus, Khara Grieger, Panagiotis Isigonis, Somik Chakravarty, Pete Kines and Keld Alstrup Jensen. (2019). From risk perception to risk governance in nanotechnology: a multi-stakeholder study. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 21(11): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-019-4689-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-019-4689-9
Ramadan, Qasem, Roa Saleem Fardous, Rana Hazaymeh, Sultan Alshmmari and Mohammed Zourob. (2021). Pharmacokinetics‐on‐a‐chip: in vitro microphysiological models for emulating of drugs ADME. Advanced Biology, 5(9): 2100775. https://doi.org/10.1002/adbi.202100775. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adbi.202100775
Rasmussen, Kirsten, Eric A. J. Bleeker, James Baker, Jacques Bouillard, Wouter Fransman, Thomas A. J. Kuhlbusch, Susanne Resch et al. (2023). A roadmap to strengthen standardisation efforts in risk governance of nanotechnology. NanoImpact, 32: 100483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2023.100483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2023.100483
Rasmussen, Kristen, Riego, S. J. and Rauscher,H. (2024). How nanoparticles are counted in global regulatory nanomaterial definitions. Nature Nanotecnology, 19: 132-138. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-023-01578-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-023-01578-x
Rauscher, Hubert, Vikram Kestens, Kirsten Rasmussen, Thomas Linsinger and Elzbieta Stefaniak. (2023a). Guidance on the implementation of the Commission Recommendation 2022/C 229/01 on the definition of nanomaterial. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/143118.
Rauscher, Hubert, Andrej Kobe, Vikram Kestens and Kirsten Rasmussen. (2023b). Is it a nanomaterial in the EU? Three essential elements to work it out. Nano Today, 49: 101780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2023.101780. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2023.101780
Saldívar-Tanaka, Laura. (2024). El principio de precaución ante los posibles riesgos de la nanotecnología y sus derivados. Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, 17(33). https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2024.33.69762. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2024.33.69762
Saldívar-Tanaka, Laura. (2022). Recomendaciones de política pública de nanociencia y nanotecnología en México: privilegiar el bienestar humano y ambiental. Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, 15(28): 1e-23e. https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2022.28.69655. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2022.28.69655
Saldívar-Tanaka, L., Hansen, S. F. (2021). Should the precautionary principle be implemented in Europe with regard to nanomaterials? Expert interviews. J Nanopart Res, 23, 70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-021-05173-w. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-021-05173-w
Saldívar-Tanaka, Laura. (2020). Regulación blanda, normas técnicas y armonización regulatoria internacional, para la nanotecnología. Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, 13(24). https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2020.24.69621. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2020.24.69621
Saldívar-Tanaka, Laura. (2019). Regulando la nanotecnología. Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, 12(22): 37-57. https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2019.22.63140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2019.22.63140
Sayes, Christie M., Rajeev Wahi, Preetha A. Kurian, Yunping Liu, Jennifer L. West, Kevin D. Ausman, David B. Warheit and Vicki L. Colvin. (2006). Correlating nanoscale titania structure with toxicity: a cytotoxicity and inflammatory response study with human dermal fibroblasts and human lung epithelial cells. Toxicological Sciences, 92(1): 174-185. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj197
Shandilya, Neeraj, Effie Marcoulaki, Sven Vercauteren, Hilda Witters, Eric Johansson Salazar-Sandoval, Anna-Kaisa Viitanen, Christophe Bressot and Wouter Fransman. (2020). Blueprint for the development and sustainability of national nanosafety centers. NanoEthics, 14: 169-183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11569-020-00364-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11569-020-00364-6
Sørensen, Sara Nørgaard, Anders Baun, Michael Burkard, Miikka Dal Maso, Steffen Foss Hansen, Samuel Harrison, Rune Hjorth et al. (2019). Evaluating environmental risk assessment models for nanomaterials according to requirements along the product innovation stage-gate process. Environmental Science: Nano, 6(2): 505-518. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EN00933C. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EN00933C
Sørensen, Sara Nørgaard, Henning Wigger, Alex Zabeo, Elena Semenzin, Danail Hristozov, Bernd Nowack, David J. Spurgeon and Anders Baun. (2020). Comparison of species sensitivity distribution modeling approaches for environmental risk assessment of nanomaterials — A case study for silver and titanium dioxide representative materials. Aquatic Toxicology, 225: 105543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105543. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105543
Stone, Vicki, Stefania Gottardo, Eric A. J. Bleeker, Hedwig Braakhuis, Susan Dekkers, Teresa Fernandes, Andrea Haase et al. (2020). A framework for grouping and read-across of nanomaterials-supporting innovation and risk assessment. Nano Today, 35: 100941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100941. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100941
Subhan, Md Abdus, Tahrima Subhan, Kristi Priya Choudhury and Newton Neogi. (2024). Safety measures, regulations, ethical, and legal issues for nanomaterials. In Handbook of Nanomaterials, vol. 2, 791-828. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95513-3.00006-X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95513-3.00006-X
Teunenbroek, T. V., Baker, J. and Dijkzeul, A. (2017). Towards a more effective and efficient governance and regulation of nanomaterials. Part Fibre Toxicol, 14, 54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-017-0235-z. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-017-0235-z
Tsang, Michael P., Danail Hristozov, Alex Zabeo, Antti Joonas Koivisto, Alexander Christian Østerskov Jensen, Keld Alstrup Jensen, Chengfang Pang, Antonio Marcomini and Guido Sonnemann. (2017). Probabilistic risk assessment of emerging materials: case study of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology, 11(4): 558-568. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2017.1329952. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2017.1329952
UIN (Unidad de Inteligencia de Negocios, ProMéxico). (2018). El mundo de la nanotecnología. Situación y prospectiva para México. https://es.scribd.com/document/485569847/El-mundo-nanotecnologia-Situacion-prospectiva-Mexico-pdf.
Vermoolen, Ruby, Remy Franken, Tanja Krone, Neeraj Shandilya, Henk Goede, Hasnae Ben Jeddi, Eelco Kuijpers, Calvin Ge and Wouter Fransman. (2025). The nano exposure quantifier: a quantitative model for assessing nanoparticle exposure in the workplace. Annals of Work Exposures and Health, wxae104. https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxae104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxae104
Villa Vázquez, Laura. (2022). Programas educativos en nanotecnología en México. Proyecto Conacyt Ciencia de Frontera 2019 No. 304320 (fordecyt-pronaces/304320/2020). https://relans.org/wp-content/ uploads/Produccion-Cientifica.pdf.
Williams, Richard J., Samuel Harrison, Virginie Keller, Jeroen Kuenen, Stephen Lofts, Antonia Praetorius, Claus Svendsen, Lucie C. Vermeulen and Jikke van Wijnen. (2019). Models for assessing engineered nanomaterial fate and behaviour in the aquatic environment. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 36: 105-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.11.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.11.002
Wohlleben, Wendel, Nathan Bossa, Denise M. Mitrano and Keana Scott. (2024). Everything falls apart: how solids degrade and release nanomaterials, composite fragments, and microplastics. NanoImpact, 34: 100510, March. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2024.100510. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S245207482400020X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2024.100510
Wohlleben, Wendel, Thomas A. J. Kuhlbusch, Jürgen Schnekenburger and Claus-Michael Lehr (eds.) (2015). Safety of nanomaterials along their lifecycle: release, exposure, and human hazards. CRC Press, 2014. ISBN 9781032236469. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/b17774
Wu, Jimeng, Govind Gupta, Tina Buerki-Thurnherr, Bernd Nowack and Peter Wick. (2024). Bridging the gap: innovative human-based in vitro approaches for nanomaterials hazard assessment and their role in safe and sustainable by design, risk assessment, and life cycle assessment. NanoImpact, 36: 100533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2024.100533. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2024.100533
Yu, Qilin, Honggang Wang, Qi Peng, Ye Li, Zhe Liu and Mingchun Li. (2017). Different toxicity of anatase and rutile TiO₂ nanoparticles on macrophages: involvement of difference in affinity to proteins and phospholipids. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 335: 125-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.026
Záyago Lau, Edgar, Guillermo Foladori, Stacey Frederick and Edgar Ramón Arteaga. (2016). Researching risks of nanomaterials in Mexico. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive WasteV, 20(1): B4014001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000247
Záyago-Lau, Edgar and Guillermo Foladori. (2010). La nanotecnología en México: un desarrollo incierto. Economía, sociedad y territorio, 10(32): 143-178. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-84212010000100006 &lng=es&tlng. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22136/est002010155
Zheng, Yuanfang and Bernd Nowack. (2021). Size-specific, dynamic, probabilistic material flow analysis of titanium dioxide releases into the environment. Environmental Science & Technology, 55(4): 2392-2402. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c07446. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c07446
Zolkipli, Maryam, Nurul Izza Shamsul Kamal and Noor Ashikin Basarudin. (2024). Regulating sustainable nanomaterials in Malaysia based on mandatory registration of selected eu countries. e-book of extended abstract, 54. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390793339_comparative_study_on_the_legality_of_dog_and_cat_meat_consumption_under_malaysia_animal_welfare_laws#pf36.