Nanopartículas metálicas antimicrobianas: resistencia bacteriana, implicaciones y nuevos desafíos
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l objetivo del presente trabajo es comprender la creciente amenaza que representa la resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos convencionales, y la necesidad de abordar alternativas como lo son las NPs metálicas con una alta actividad antibacteriana. Esto incluye entender los mecanismos de resistencia desarrollados por las bacterias, tanto para antibióticos convencionales como para NPs metálicas y la amenaza de una resistencia cruzada. La resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos convencionales representa una gran amenaza para la salud humana. Su uso inadecuado para el tratamiento de enfermedades no bacterianas y en actividades agrícolas, así como el desecho imprudente de los antibióticos ha generado un incremento de bacterias multirresistentes. Por lo anterior, es importante la búsqueda de alternativas que no solamente controlen la infección en el hospedero, sino que también eviten la diseminación de los microrganismos resistentes. Las nanopartículas metálicas han surgido como una buena alternativa por sus propiedades fisicoquímicas y su gran actividad antibacteriana, además de ser efectivas contra bacterias multirresistentes. En los últimos años se han incrementado los reportes de bacterias resistentes a nanopartículas de plata y cobre principalmente, y de los mecanismos de resistencia, lo cual tiene implicaciones relevantes, pues las nanopartículas metálicas podrían favorecer la resistencia a los antibióticos y la resistencia cruzada a metales en aguas residuales, impactando comunidades complejas de microrganismos. El uso de nanopartículas metálicas con propiedades antibacterianas va en aumento y su liberación al medio ambiente podría estar generando bacterias resistentes, por lo cual es importante considerar los aspectos regulatorios asociados con el uso extendido de nanomateriales con actividad antimicrobiana y el seguimiento de bacterias resistentes.
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Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, editada por la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, se distribuye bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional.
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