Nanopartículas de óxido de cobre biogénicas de Trichoderma harzianum: un nuevo enfoque para el manejo del brusone del trigo
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El brusone del trigo, causado por el hongo Pyricularia oryzae patotipo Triticum (PoT), es una enfermedad devastadora en América del Sur, Asia y África debido a la limitada efectividad de los fungicidas y la falta de variedades resistentes. En Argentina, el patógeno ha sido detectado desde 2012, aunque no se han registrado brotes hasta la fecha, representa un riesgo inminente dada su presencia en países limítrofes. Por lo tanto, se deben considerar nuevas estrategias para controlar la enfermedad y una vigilancia adecuada. La nanotecnología puede contribuir protegiendo cultivos agrícolas, al ofrecer diferentes mecanismos de acción contra los patógenos. Así, las nanopartículas de óxidos metálicos obtenidas por métodos fisicoquímicos o biogénicos pueden actuar como antimicrobianas. Este estudio involucró la biosíntesis de nanopartículas de óxido de cobre (CuONPs) biosintetizadas a partir del hongo Trichoderma harzianum y la evaluación de su capacidad para reducir el crecimiento del micelio fúngico y los síntomas de la enfermedad del brusone de trigo en plantas bajo condiciones controladas. La caracterización fisicoquímica de las CuONPs realizada por TEM y EDS mostró fibras alargadas en forma y un tamaño promedio de 397 ± 55 nm de largo y 124 ± 13 nm de ancho, con una buena estabilidad fisicoquímica. Los experimentos in vitro e in vivo para evaluar el potencial de las CuONPs contra PoT demostraron ser efectivas en inhibir fuertemente el crecimiento micelial de las cepas nativas de PoT PY15, PY22 y PY34 en un 74%, 72% y 67%, respectivamente, a una concentración de 1000 ppm. Además, las CuONPs a una concentración de 500 ppm aplicadas en aspersión foliar sobre plantas de trigo inoculadas con PY34 causaron una reducción del 95% en la severidad de la enfermedad. Además, las plantas de trigo cuyas semillas fueron previamente pelletizadas con 500 ppm de CuONPs mostraron una reducción del 90% en los síntomas de la enfermedad. Estos hallazgos confirman que las CuONPs biosintetizadas poseen una actividad antifúngica, que podría utilizarse para optimizar la protección del bruzone del trigo causado por PoT.
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Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, editada por la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, se distribuye bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional.
Basada en una obra en http://www.mundonano.unam.mx.
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